X-rays play an important role in your health. Your physician may order an x-ray when he suspects that there is an underlying problem that cannot be determined by a normal examination. Your physician could also be fairly confident he knows what the problem is and just needs further confirmation and classification of the problem area.

X-rays are produced from a tube much like a light bulb.  A current passes through a tube striking a special target creating millions of photons (radiation) that pass through the body.  The term "ionizing radiation" means that when these photons pass through the body, electrons in some of your atoms are knocked free of their orbit.  These atoms now become ionized and will be stabilized again as they were before the x-ray.      

In general, x-rays are safe and the level of exposure can be equated to taking an afternoon off and sunbathing at the beach for an hour or taking an airplane ride at 30,000 feet from here to Boston. Radiation virtually exists everywhere in small amounts.  The benefits of the safe prudent use of x-rays for health reasons outweigh the cons. 

If you are pregnant, you should never undergo an x-ray exam without the strict guidance and order from your physician. Please tell the x-ray technologist if you are pregnant at the time of your exam.

Exam Type
All General X-Rays

Exam Description
X-rays of the feet, ankles, wrist, hand, chest, abdomen, skull/head, sinuses, legs, arms....

Preparation
None required

Exam Type
IVP (IntraVenous Pyelogram)

Exam Description
An IVP or intravenous pyelogram is an x-ray of the kidneys and their ability to function.  This is most commonly done where a kidney stone is suspected; however, it may be done for other reasons. An IVP involves the injection of a low-osmolar iodine contrast.  Many people have some sensitivity to this contrast or dye that prevents them from having it or requires pre-medication before they do.  We have an extensive questionnaire that is completed prior to you having the injection to help us identify any problems before they may occur. We can never prevent what is inevitable or unknown allergies and their effects from happening; however, our questions and your cooperation is important in minimizing your risks.

Preparation
The preparation for an IVP involves the evacuation of the colon and small bowl due to overlying gas and or feces.  A product called PhosphoSoda at your local drug store can usually achieve good results with one use.  Your physician should give you instructions on your preparation.  If you need a question answered, do not hesitate to call our facilities at 863-421-8674 or 863-295-5674.

Exam Type
Barium Studies

Exam Description
See Fluoroscopy Exams

 Additional Patient related Information can be found at the RSNA Web Site or the ASRT Web Site .

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Fluoroscopic Procedures

X-rays play an important role in your health. Your physician may order an x-ray when he suspects that there is an underlying problem that cannot be determined by a normal examination. Your physician could also be fairly confident he knows what the problem is and just needs further confirmation and classification of the problem area.

X-rays are produced from a tube much like a light bulb.  A current passes through a tube striking a special target creating millions of photons (radiation) that pass through the body.  The term "ionizing radiation" means that when these photons pass through the body, electrons in some of your atoms are knocked free of their orbit.  These atoms now become ionized and will be stabilized again as they were before the x-ray.      

In general, x-rays are safe and the level of exposure can be equated to taking an afternoon off and sunbathing at the beach for an hour or taking an airplane ride at 30,000 feet from here to Boston . Radiation virtually exists everywhere in small amounts. The benefits of the safe prudent use of x-rays for health reasons outweigh the cons. 

If you are pregnant, you should never undergo an x-ray exam without the strict guidance and order from your physician. Please tell the x-ray technologist if you are pregnant at the time of your exam.

Please follow all the preparations listed below for your exam:

Exam Type
Upper GI

Exam Description
The upper GI exam provides the radiologist with information about your stomach and small bowel. This is done in order to see and diagnose problems such ailments as hiatal hernias, ulcers and other related stomach problems. A technician will require you to drink a barium mixture which will slide down your stomach opening. In addition, you are usually also asked to drink a fizzy granule liquid that provides a double contrast (air and barium). The motion and processes of your swallowing are then watched closely. During the exam, the early part of your small bowel in the area of the duodenum is also thoroughly inspected.

Preparation
Nothing is to be taken by mouth after midnight the night before your exam. Necessary medications that your doctor has prescribed prior may be taken in most cases.

Exam Type
Barium Enema

Exam Description
A plastic tube will be inserted into the rectum and a barium mixture will begin to fill the colon.  As the barium fills, some discomfort may be experienced. You will be placed in several positions on the table and pictures will be taken while the radiologist watches the barium pass through the colon on the fluoroscopic monitor. The test generally goes by quickly (10 minutes) and then the colon is drained back into the barium pouch.  A few more pictures may be taken.

Preparation
The preparation for an IVP involves the evacuation of the colon and small bowl due to overlying gas and or feces.  A product called PhosphoSoda at your local drug store can usually achieve good results with one use.  Your physician should give you instructions on your preparation.  If you need a question answered, do not hesitate to call our facilities at 863-421-8674 or 863-295-5674.

Exam Type
Barium Enema w/ Air Contrast

Exam Description
The air contrast procedure is much the same as the regular barium enema, however, a thicker barium is used to coat the walls of the colon.  Some air is pumped into the colon to give the effect of a double contrast.  This study takes a bit longer to do and a few more pictures are taken.  Sometimes a double contrast is necessary to identify polyps and or other abnormalities.

Preparation
The preparation for an IVP involves the evacuation of the colon and small bowl due to overlying gas and or feces. A product called PhosphoSoda at your local drug store can usually achieve good results with one use. Your physician should give you further instructions on your preparation.  If you need a question answered, do not hesitate to call our facilities at 863-421-8674 or 863-295-5674.

Exam Type
Esophagram or Barium Swallow

Exam Description
The esophagram is much the same as the upper GI where you drink the barium and it is watched as it slides down into the stomach opening. Usually you also drink some fizzy granules that provide a double contrast (air and barium). Hiatal hernias can also be identified.

Preparation
You must not take anything by mouth at least 2 hours before your exam. Drink plenty of water following the exam.

Exam Type
VCUG, (voiding cystourethrogram)

Exam Description
A VCUG is ordered when you are usually experiencing problems with your bladder and/or recurring urinary track infections. Children are catheterized in our department by a professional. This is necessary to introduce the dye into the bladder so that the interior of the bladder and associated organs can be seen.  The fluoroscopic equipment is used to dynamically watch the bladder fill and to see if there is any reflux of urine back up into the kidneys, which can be a major cause of recurrent infections of the urinary track.  After the bladder and kidneys are viewed, the catheter is pulled and the patient empties their bladder under fluoroscopic guidance. This is done so that the technician can look for urethral related problems such as strictures or narrowing.

Preparation
Nothing by mouth after midnight the night before your exam. Necessary medications that your doctor has prescribed may be taken in most cases. Stay away from gassy beverages including soda and dairy products the day before. Drink plenty of water following the exam.

Exam Type
Small Bowel Follow Through

Exam Description
The patient is given at least two cups of barium to drink simultaneously so that it can pass through the small bowel. Several timed pictures are then taken to document the position of the barium in the small bowel. Once the barium reaches the colon a fluoroscopy is used to identify the terminal part of the small bowel as it joins the colon.

Preparation
Nothing by mouth after midnight the night before your exam.  Necessary medications that your doctor has prescribed may be taken in most cases. Drink plenty of water following the exam.

Exam Type
IVP ( I ntra V enous P yelogram)

Also found in the X-ray information area.

Exam Description
An IVP or intravenous pyelogram is an x-ray of the kidneys and their ability to function.  This is most commonly done where a kidney stone is suspected; however, it may be done for other reasons.  An IVP involves the injection of a low-osmolar iodine contrast. Many people have some sensitivity to this contrast or dye that prevents them from having it or requires pre-medication before they do.We have an extensive questionnaire that is completed prior to you having the injection done, to help us identify any problems before they may occur. We can never prevent what is inevitable or unknown allergies and their effects from happening; however, our questions and your cooperation is important in minimizing your risks.

Preparation
The preparation for an IVP involves the evacuation of the colon and small bowl due to overlying gas and or feces.  A product called PhosphoSoda at your local drug store can usually achieve good results with one use. Your physician should give you additional instructions on your preparation.  If you need a question answered, do not hesitate to call our facilities at 863-421-8674 or 863-295-5674. Drink plenty of water following the exam.

Additional Patient related Information can be found at the RSNA Web Site or the ASRT Web Site.

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Ask us about our " softer touch " mammo pads!
Mammography is an x-ray procedure that uses low-dose radiation to create an image of breast tissue. Mammography is the best way to find breast cancer early, because it can detect breast lumps up to two years before they can be felt. Finding a lump early significantly improves a woman's chance of successful treatment.

The American Cancer Society recommends that women have a baseline screening mammogram between the ages of 35 and 40 and receive a mammogram once a year after age 40. Women at high risk should have mammograms more often. The risk of breast cancer increases as a woman ages, if she has never had children or if she had her first child after age 30. Studies also suggest that the risk may be higher for women who eat high-fat diets and those who smoke cigarettes. If you are not sure how frequently you should obtain a mammogram, consult your physician.

The federal government regulates the personnel, equipment and facilities involved in providing mammography services. Under the Mammography Quality Standards Act, all facilities providing mammography exams must be certified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Our facility, where you receive your mammogram, is required to display an FDA certificate showing it has met the federal quality standards. For questions concerning these regulations, call the Cancer Information Service at 800-4-CANCER or visit the FDA Web site at http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/mammography.

It is important to remember that 80% of breast cancers occur in women with no risk factors. One in eight American women will develop breast cancer in her lifetime and another woman is newly diagnosed with the disease every 3 minutes. The three steps to detecting breast cancer early are:

• Breast self-exams every month beginning at age 18.

• Clinical breast exams by a health care professional every three years between the ages of 18 and 39, and every year from age 40.

• Screening mammograms annually from age 40.

   If you are pregnant, you should never undergo an x-ray exam without the strict guidance and order from your physician. Please tell the x-ray technologist if you are pregnant at the time of your exam.

Please follow all the preparations listed below for your exam:

If you had mammograms in other facilities besides A.T. R., please get your films and bring them with you to your appointment. If you cannot get them, we can assist you in that process.

Preparations for Procedures
You will be asked whether there is a chance that you might be pregnant. If you are pregnant, your health care provider will help you weigh the benefits of having a Mammogram vs. the risks. You may also be asked about your medical history and your health in general.  Before your examination, a mammographer will explain the procedure to you and answer any questions you might have. A mammographer, also known as a radiologic technologist, is a skilled medical professional, who has received specialized education in the areas of breast imaging, patient positioning, patient care, radiation safety and imaging techniques. Be sure to let the mammographer know if you have experienced any changes in your breasts, especially if you have felt any suspicious lumps. Also let the mammographer know if you have had previous breast surgery or if you have breast implants.

Exam Type
Screening Mammogram

Exam Description
A mammogram is an x-ray taken of the breast tissue that looks for breast tissue abnormalities that include cysts, benign and metastatic tumors.  It is recommended that if you meet the qualifications described above that you have your mammogram every year.  If you are a Medicare patient, you must wait one year and one day from last mammogram in order for them to cover the exam.

Preparation
Try to schedule your mammogram just after your menstrual period, when your breasts are less tender. Wear a two-piece outfit on the day of your mammogram, so you will have to remove only your top. Don't apply deodorant, talcum powder or lotion under the arms or near the breasts prior to the examination because these products can show up on the x-ray image and may make it difficult to interpret. Be sure to bring the name, address and phone number of your primary care physician, as well as a list of the places and dates of mammograms you've had before. This exam should take 15-30 minutes.

Exam Type
Diagnostic Mammogram

Exam Description
After a screening mammogram is performed, you may be called back for more images as a result of seeing an area that cannot be distinguished properly to make a diagnosis.  Younger patients and patients with a history of breast lumps, may have this happen to them more often.  Do not be alarmed if this happens to you.  Sometimes it is routine in order to better see an area of interest. An ultrasound may also be done.
If you have an area that is suspicious, we will also do a diagnostic mammogram to further evaluate.  In general, if you are told that you need to be evaluated in 6 months or less, the exam would usually be a diagnostic mammogram.  This is helpful to know when are schedulers are scheduling your next appointment.

Preparation
The preparation for a diagnostic mammogram is much the same as a screening mammogram described above. There are, however, times where there will be a need to take a few more pictures taken and even a possible ultrasound. Plan to schedule at least 40 to 60 minutes for the exam. This will include time for preparation, processing the mammographic images and obtaining additional images, if necessary. The actual exposure time is very short.

Exam Type
Mammogram Screening with Implants

Exam Description
A mammogram is an x-ray taken of the breast tissue, that looks for abnormalities that include cysts, benign and metastatic tumors within breasts that have been augmented with implants. It is recommended that if you meet the qualifications described above that you have your mammogram every year.  If you are a Medicare patient, you must wait one year and one day from last mammogram in order for them to cover the exam.

Preparation
The preparation is the same as the screening mammogram. There is, however, a few more special images that will be taken to properly image the breast tissue around the implant without damaging the implant. This exam takes approximately 45 - 60 minutes to complete. Please let the scheduler know that you have implants, so that they can set you up with the appropriate allotment of time during your appointment.

During the Examination
The mammographer will ask you to undress from the waist up and stand in front of the mammography unit, which is a special type of x-ray machine. She will place one of your breasts on a small platform attached to the machine. The platform can be raised or lowered to match your height. Your breast then will be gradually compressed between the platform and a clear plastic plate. Compression spreads and thins the breast tissue. It is needed to ensure a clear picture and to reduce the amount of radiation necessary for the x-ray image. Two images will be taken of the breast, one from the top and one from the side. The examination then will be repeated for the other breast.

Compression may be uncomfortable, but it shouldn't hurt. The actual time of compression is only a few seconds. If you are worried about discomfort, tell your physician. You may be advised to take a mild over-the-counter pain reliever about an hour before your mammogram.

Following your mammography examination, you will be asked to wait a few minutes while the x-ray films are processed. The mammographer then will determine if the images are technically acceptable and if additional views are necessary.

The mammography films then will be given to a radiologist, a physician who specializes in the diagnostic interpretation of medical images. Under federal regulations, the radiologist must be experienced in reviewing mammographic images.

Post-examination Information
After your films have been reviewed by a radiologist, your personal physician will receive a report of the findings. A report will also be sent directly to you, in dialogue that is easy to understand. You should receive this report within 15 days after your examination, providing all previous films and information was obtained.

The radiation that you are exposed to during a mammogram, like the radiation produced during any other x-ray procedure, passes through you immediately. You are not “radioactive,” and it is not necessary to take any special precautions following your examination.  

Additional Patient related Information can be found at the RSNA Web Site and the ASRT Web Site .

About Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance
Angiography

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Our Open MRI unit in Winter Haven is fully accredited by the American College of Radiology

Print and complete the MRI Questionnaire (coming soon!)
and bring with you to your appointment
Free PDF Reader needed to print forms

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sophisticated diagnostic technique that uses a magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to generate detailed, cross-sectional images of human anatomy. Because it produces better soft-tissue images than x-rays can, MRI is most commonly used to image the brain, spine, thorax, vascular system and musculoskeletal system (including the knee and shoulder).

During an MRI exam, the patient is placed inside a scanner that produces a static magnetic field up to 8,000 times stronger than the earth's own magnetic field. Exposure to this force causes the hydrogen protons within the patient's body to align with the magnetic field. When a radiofrequency pulse is applied, the protons spin perpendicular to the magnetic field. As the protons relax back into alignment with the magnetic field, a signal is sent to a radiofrequency coil that acts as an antenna. This signal then is processed by a computer. Different tissues produce different signals. For example, protons in water relax more slowly than those in fat. This differentiation can be detected, measured and converted into a cross-sectional image of the patient's anatomy.

MRI is a safe procedure for most patients, although it generally is not recommended for pregnant women. If you are pregnant, let your physician know. Also, because the body is exposed to a strong magnetic field, patients who have a pacemaker, cochlear implants or aneurysm clips should check with a physician before undergoing an MRI examination. Patients who have other types of metal implants and patients who have been exposed to shrapnel or whose eyes have been exposed to metal shavings also might not be candidates for MRI; it's important to let your physician know if these conditions apply to you. For similar reasons, women undergoing an MRI exam should not wear eye shadow, because it sometimes contains metallic substances.

Please tell the x-ray technologist if you are pregnant at the time of your exam. Also, if you have ever had any surgery involving surgical clips and or a pacemaker, let the technologist know.

Please follow all the preparations listed below for your exam:

If you had MRI's or CT's in other facilities besides A.T.R., please get your films and bring them with you to your appointment.  If you cannot get them, we can assist you in that process.

Preparations for Procedures
If you are claustrophobic or experience pain when lying on your back for more than 30 minutes, let your doctor know. He or she may be able to prescribe a relaxant or pain medication. If you are sedated for the examination, a friend will have to drive you home afterward. At A.T. R., you can arrange for your scan to be performed in an “ open ” magnet. Open MRI units are less confining than traditional MRI machines. Instead of sliding the patient into a long metal tube, the magnet is suspended above the patient. Keep in mind, however, that open magnets are a new technology and are very popular. This may make appointment availability limited.

Before your examination, an MRI technologist will explain the procedure to you and answer any questions you might have. An MRI technologist is a skilled medical professional, who has received specialized education in the areas of anatomy, patient positioning, patient care, imaging techniques and MRI procedures.

Exam Type
MRI and MRA

Preparation
No preparations are generally required.  Be prepared to spend anywhere from 30 - 60 minutes on the scanne

For most types of exams, the MRI technologist will wrap a special coil around the body part that is being examined. This coil helps concentrate the radiofrequency pulses. The MRI technologist then will position you on a padded, movable table that will slide into the opening of the scanner.

You may be given a contrast agent to highlight internal organs and structures. The contrast changes the relaxation rate of protons in the body, illuminating organs and tissues and making tumors, vessels and scar tissue appear brighter.

You won't feel anything during the scan, but you may hear intermittent humming, thumping, clicking and knocking sounds. These are the sounds of the magnetic gradients turning on and off. Some MRI centers provide patients with headphones or earplugs to help mask the noise.

The MRI technologist will not be in the room during the scan, but will be able to observe you through a window from a room next door and will be able to hear you and talk to you through a two-way microphone system. The technologist will tell you when each scan sequence is beginning and how long it will last. You will be asked to remain as still as possible throughout the sequence.

When the exam is complete, your MRI scans obtained will be given to a radiologist, who is a physician who specializes in the diagnostic interpretation of medical images.

Post-examination Information
After your films have been reviewed by a radiologist, your personal physician will receive a report of the findings. Your physician then will advise you of the results and discuss what further procedures, if any, are needed.

Magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive procedure, and there are no known side effects or after effects. If a contrast agent was administered, you may experience nausea, headache or dizziness following your examination. It's important to increase your water consumption in the days following the examination. If these symptoms persist, contact your physician.

Please remember that the material presented here is for informational purposes only.

About Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Other MRI Procedures
In addition to MRI, magnetic resonance has other diagnostic applications. One rapidly advancing technique is magnetic resonance angiography, or MRA. Angiography is the imaging of blood vessels. Usually, it is performed to evaluate aneurysms or to determine whether vessels in the brain, neck, legs or other areas have become narrowed due to atherosclerosis (“hardening of the arteries”). During conventional x-ray angiography, a catheter is inserted into the body through the groin and an iodine-based contrast agent is injected into the blood vessel while a series of x-rays are taken. MRA allows physicians to view blood vessels and the flow of blood through arteries without the need to introduce a catheter or a contrast agent into the patient's artery.

Additional Patient related Information can be found at the RSNA Web Site and the
ASRT Web Site .

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Computed tomography is a sophisticated diagnostic imaging procedure capable of depicting anatomy at different levels within the body. This ability, known as cross-sectional imaging, is possible because the x-ray source rotates around the patient during a CT scan, encircling the patient's body and capturing anatomical detail from many angles. Each rotation of the x-ray beam produces a single cross-sectional “slice” of anatomy, like the slices in a loaf of bread. Computed tomography allows physicians to see a single slice of the body, just as if you were taking a slice of bread out of a loaf. Using this technology, physicians can view the inside of anatomic structures, a feat not possible with general radiography. Computed tomography scans, also called CT scans, are used for many types of diagnostic procedures. They may be used to examine the head to check for bleeding, tumors, blood clots or signs of stroke. In other parts of the body, CT may be used to distinguish whether a growth is solid or fluid-filled, detect ruptured disks in the spine, determine an organ's size and shape, and evaluate many types of disease processes.

Information supplied by CT scans also can be used to determine the stage of some types of cancer, helping physicians decide how to treat the disease. Computed tomography also is used to help plan radiation therapy. The scans help the oncology team target treatment to the cancer site while protecting surrounding healthy tissue. In addition, CT may be used to guide biopsies (the collection of a sample of tissue to aid in diagnosis).

If you are pregnant, you should never undergo an x-ray exam without the strict guidance and order from your physician. Please tell the x-ray technologist if you are pregnant at the time of your exam.

Please follow all the preparations listed below for your exam:

Preparations for Procedures
You will be asked whether there is a chance that you might be pregnant. If you are pregnant, your health care provider will help you weigh the benefits of having a CT scan vs. the risks. In addition, if a contrast agent will be used during your examination, you will be asked if you have any allergies. You may also be asked about your medical history and your health in general. Before your examination, a CT technologist will explain the procedure to you and answer any questions that you might have. A CT technologist, also known as a radiologic technologist, is a skilled medical professional who has received specialized education in the areas of anatomy, patient positioning, patient care, radiation safety, imaging techniques and CT procedures.

Exam Type
Cat Scan of the Abdomen and Pelvis

Exam Description
A cat scan of the abdomen and pelvis entails being in the scanner feet first.  There are several slices or images taken of the lower lungs through the pelvis area.  If the pelvis is included in the scan then the slices will go below the pubic bone. You will most likely have an injection of a contrast agent in order for the technician to see the blood vessels in the area. You will also be required to drink a diluted barium mixture to better visualize the bowel.

Preparation
You will need to come by the office where you are being scanned at least the day before your exam to pick up the bottle of barium. The instructions on how to consume it will be attached. You will need to have nothing by mouth after midnight the night before or at least 4-6 hrs prior to your exam.

Exam Type
Cat Scan of the Head/Brain

Exam Description
Slices or images are taken of the brain from the stem to the crown of your head.  This may be done with, without, or with and without iodine contrast. You prescription will usually note which you are having. If your having this for headaches, You will most likely have an injection of a contrast agent in order for us to see the blood vessels in the area.

Preparation
If you are having an injection of iodine dye you will need to have nothing by mouth after midnight the night before or at least 4-6 hrs prior to your exam.

Exam Type
Cat Scan of the Chest

Exam Description
Slices or images of the chest are taken when you pass through the CT tube feet first.  You will be instructed when to hold your breath and when to breath.  The exam is relatively quick and renders valuable information.

Preparation
If you are having an injection of iodine dye you will need to have nothing by mouth after midnight the night before or at least 4-6 hrs prior to your exam.

Exam Type
CT for Pulmonary Angiography

Exam Description
Slices or images of the chest are taken when you pass through the CT tube feet first. You will be instructed when to hold your breath and when to breathe. The exam is relatively quick and renders valuable information. This exam is used to look for blood clots in the lungs that can be potentially deadly.

Preparation
You are having an injection of a contrast agent , so you will need to have nothing by mouth after midnight the night before or at least 4-6 hrs prior to your exam.

Exam Type
Cat Scan of the Spine

Exam Description
Like all other CT scans, a CT scan of the spine is no different. The body is passed through the CT tube as the tube passes in a helical manner to obtain images of the spine (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar).  Dye is rarely used unless you are post-surgery or have a tumor in the spinal area.

Preparation
No preparation required in most cases. In rare cases, an injection of dye or contrast agent might be necessary.  If so, then nothing by mouth at least 4-6 hours before the exam.

Exam Type
Cat Scan of the Sinuses

Exam Description
Slices or images of the paranasal sinuses are taken when you pass through the CT tube head first. You will usally be laying on your stomach with your chin extended. This can be an uncomfortable position but is necessary to obtain optimum pictures. The exam is relatively quick and renders valuable information.

Preparation
No prep required in most cases. In rare cases, an injection of dye might be necessary. If so, then nothing by mouth at least 4-6 hours before the exam.

Exam Type
Cat Scan for Kidney Stones

Exam Description
A cat scan of the abdomen and pelvis for kidney stones entails being in the scanner feet first. There are several slices or images taken of the top of the kidneys through the pelvis area. You will most likely have an injection of a contrast agent in order for us to see the blood vessels in the area and the function of your urinary track. This will occur after first being scanned without the dye. You may also be asked to drink a diluted barium mixture to better visualize the bowel. If this is necessary, you will be given instructions as to how consume the barium before your exam.

Preparation
You will need to come by the office where you are being scanned at least the day before your exam to pick up the bottle of barium, if you are told that you need the barium or oral contrast. The instructions on to how to consume it will be attached. You will need to have nothing by mouth after midnight the night before or at least 4-6 hrs prior to your exam.

During the Examination
Examination time can range from 10 minutes to more than an hour, depending upon the part of the body being examined and whether or not a contrast agent is used. For a head/brain scan, you will be asked to remove eyeglasses, dentures and barrettes or hairpins. For a body scan, you will be asked to put on a hospital gown and to remove all jewelry, because metal can interfere with the imaging. You will be provided a secure place to store these items during your examination.

The CT technologist will position you on the scanning table. If you are undergoing a head scan, the technologist will place your head in a cradle to help prevent movement. For head scans and scans of other parts of the body, you will be secured onto the table with a safety strap. Even the slightest movement can blur the image, so it's important to hold still during the scan.

You may be given a contrast agent to drink before the examination begins or it may be administered through an injection into a vein. The contrast agent helps visualize tissues in the area being studied. You may feel nauseous, flushed or headachy after the contrast is administered; these are normal reactions. However, if you feel itchy or short of breath, you may be having an allergic reaction to the contrast agent and you should tell the technologist immediately.

The technologist will guide the scanning table into the CT unit, which is a square or rectangular machine with a large circular hole in the center. The CT technologist will not be in the room during the scan, but will be able to observe you through a window from an adjacent room or through a video system and will be able to hear you and talk to you through a two-way microphone system.

During the scan, the x-ray tube within the CT unit will rotate around you, taking x-ray pictures of one very thin slice of tissue after another. As the x-ray tube rotates, you will hear a whirring sound. The table that you are on will move slightly to reposition you for each scan, but it moves so slowly that you might not even notice it.

The technologist will tell you when each scan sequence is beginning and how long it will last. You should remain as still as possible throughout the sequence and for certain scans you may be asked to hold your breath for a few seconds.

The x-ray unit that rotates around your body is linked to a computer that processes each scan in a matter of seconds. The final scans, called “CT images,” are sent to a monitor that the CT technologist observes throughout the procedure. The scans then can be output on film or recorded on tape or diskette.

When the exam is complete, your CT scans will be given to a radiologist, a physician who specializes in the diagnostic interpretation of medical images.

Post-examination Information
After your films have been reviewed by a radiologist, your personal physician will receive a report of the findings. Your physician then will advise you of the results and discuss what further procedures, if any, are needed.

The radiation you are exposed to during a CT scan is only slightly higher than from a regular x-ray and it passes through you immediately. You are not “radioactive” following a CT procedure and it is not necessary to take any special precautions following your examination.

If a contrast agent was administered, you may experience nausea, headache or dizziness following your examination. It's important to increase your water consumption in the days following the examination. If these symptoms persist, contact your physician.

Please remember that the material presented here is for informational purposes only. If you have specific questions about a medical imaging procedure, contact your physician or the radiology department of the institution where your test will be performed.

Additional Patient related Information can be found at the RSNA Web Site and/or the ASRT Website .

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Ultrasound Procedures

Ultrasound imaging - also known as sonography - uses sound waves to produce images of organs, vessels and tissues in the body. During an ultrasound examination, a small, hand-held transducer is placed in contact with the patient's body. It emits inaudible, high-frequency sound waves that pass through the body, sending back “echoes” as they bounce off organs, vessel walls and tissues. Special computer equipment then converts these echoes into an image. Ultrasound imaging has many applications. It is ideal for imaging the heart and the blood vessels. It can evaluate heart wall, chamber and valve motion, as well as blood flow within the heart and blood vessels. It may be used to detect breast cysts or gallstones and to examine the prostate and to examine the liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, colon and urinary bladder for tumors, inflammation, stones or cysts. The use of ultrasound is expanding into the field of sports medicine as an effective way to detect ligament, tendon and nerve injuries. Ultrasound also can be used to guide needle placement for biopsies, and to guide the drainage of cysts or fluid collections in the abdomen or chest that occur with some illnesses. Because ultrasound uses sound waves instead of radiation to create images, it is a safe form of fetal imaging. It is used in obstetrics to assess fetal well-being, determine fetal position, diagnose multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.), determine a delivery date and rule out ectopic pregnancy. If the fetus is old enough and positioned correctly, a baby's sex also can be determined. Ultrasound also plays a significant role in the evaluation and treatment of infertility. In addition to its diagnostic imaging capabilities, ultrasound also is sometimes used in therapeutic applications to help treat soft tissue injuries. The discussion contained here, however, is confined to medical imaging.

Additional Ultrasound Links:

Exam Type
Ultrasound of the Abdomen or Gallbladder

Exam Description
An ultrasound of the abdomen involves using sound waves to see the liver, pancreas and other abdominal organs. We will be looking many different types of abnormalities such as obstructions, stones, tumors and even some vascular anomalies

Preparation
Nothing by mouth after midnight the night before or at least 6 hours prior to your examination.  You may take medications with a sip of water. Exam Type
Renal or Kidney Ultrasound  

Exam Description
An ultrasound of the kidneys involves passing sound waves through the skin at the side of your body. An image of the kidneys is made allowing us to look for obstruction, stones and other abnormalities.

Preparation
Although you do not have to prepare for this exam, it is better if you refrain from anything to eat or drink at least 4 hours prior to your exam. Also, try to have a fairly full bladder so we can image the bladder if necessary.

Exam Type
Ultrasound of the Pelvis

Exam Description
An ultrasound of the pelvis (transabdominal approach) is primarily done on women for gynecological reasons. The uterus and ovaries are looked at closely along with the adjoining structures of the female pelvis. A transvaginal ultrasound may also be needed to complete the exam. (See below)

Preparation
Drink at least 48 oz of water, tea, or any other noncarbonated beverage at least 1 hour prior to your appointment time. Stay away from dairy products.

Do not empty your bladder
until the ultrasound technologist instructs you to do so.  We cannot perform this exam without a full bladder.

Exam Type
Transvaginal Ultrasound

Exam Description
A transvaginal ultrasound is rarely done by itself.  It is usually done as an adjunct to the pelvis or OB ultrasound. It augments the visualization by being closer to the subject therefore resulting in a higher resolution. The transabdominal approach is still used to give a global picture and is usually done prior to the transvaginal exam.

Preparation
You will be instructed to empty your bladder by the sonographer when the transabdominal exam is complete.

Exam Type
Obstetrical Ultrasound

Exam Description
In most cases, the OB exam with ultrasound is comprehensive and involves a complete look at all the organ systems (fetal age dependent), limbs, exterior environment including amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and placenta. Many other fetal areas are looked at which help comprise a complete exam.

Preparation
If you are less than 33 weeks pregnant you are required to have a full bladder.  Drink at least 48 oz's of water 1 hour prior to your appointment.

Exam Type
Ultrasound of the Breast

Exam Description
Any superficial area of the body can be looked at with ultrasound.  This includes breasts, cysts, and other abnormal areas felt below the skin.

Preparation
No prep required

Exam Type
Arterial or Venous Doppler and Carotid Artery Exams

Exam Description
Doppler is used to detect, measure, quantify and qualify flow in several of the blood vessels in different areas of the body.  Aneurysms, flow abnormalities, narrowing and other problems are seen with Doppler and ultrasound together called or known as duplex imaging.

Preparation
No prep required unless for abdominal or renal Doppler.  Use abdominal ultrasound prep if looking in the kidneys or abdomen.

During the Examination
Total examination time can range from less than 30 minutes to more than an hour, depending upon the part of the body being examined. The sonographer will position you on the examination table and apply a special lotion to your skin directly above the area being studied. The lotion is odorless, harmless and water-soluble. It acts as a conductor, making it easier for sound waves to travel into the underlying anatomy. After the lotion is applied, the sonographer will move a device called a transducer over the lotion-covered skin. The transducer sends out sound waves and receives echoes. These echoes are relayed to a computer for processing and displayed on a monitor as a picture for the sonographer to view. Selected pictures will be saved on paper, film, or in a computerized format to be reviewed by the interpreting radiologist. During the procedure, you will feel light pressure from the transducer being moved over your skin. The sonographer may ask you to change the position of your body or to hold your breath for a few seconds so that certain images can be obtained. When the exam is complete, your ultrasound scans will be given to a radiologist - a physician who specializes in the diagnostic interpretation of medical images. Other

Types of Ultrasound Procedures
Doppler ultrasound is a special application of ultrasound that detects moving objects, such as blood flow. With Doppler ultrasound, physicians can examine the amount, direction and speed of blood flowing to the brain or coursing through the heart, vessels or other organs. This is done in conjunction with other studies or all by itself. Although the ultrasound transducer usually is placed on the outside of the body, on the surface of the skin, a few examinations require that the transducer be placed inside the body to obtain the highest quality images. Some types of gynecological and obstetric examinations, for example, require that the transducer be placed inside the vagina. These examinations, called endovaginal or transvaginal procedures, use a special type of transducer designed for maximum image quality and minimum patient discomfort. A rectal transducer is used for ultrasound examinations of the prostate. This procedure may be used to acquire a tissue sample (biopsy) from areas of the prostate.

Post-examination Information
After your ultrasound images have been reviewed by a radiologist, your personal physician will receive a report of the findings. Your physician then will advise you of the results and discuss what further procedures, if any, are needed. There are no known side effects from ultrasound imaging, and it is not necessary to take any special precautions following your examination. Please remember that the material presented here is for informational purposes only. If you have specific questions about a medical imaging procedure, contact your physician or our office directly .

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Exam Type
DEXA Scans

Exam Description
Bone densitometry is a type of imaging examination that measures a patient's bone mineral density, which is an indicator of bone strength.  It can be used to determine if the patient has osteoporosis, a degenerative disease that causes bones to become brittle and makes them likelier to break. Because postmenopausal women are at higher risk for osteoporosis, the National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends that women older than 65 undergo a bone densitometry test every two years. A number of imaging techniques may be used to measure bone density, including ultrasound and computed tomography .  This article focuses on a technique called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, or DEXA, which is the most common way to measure bone density.  DEXA, uses x-rays.  During a DEXA scan, density measurements are taken of bones at specific areas in the body.  Those measurements then are compared to a data base of "normal" individuals of the same age, sex and race as the patient.  The results show whether the patient has lost bone density.  The measurements also help determine the presence of osteoporosis and can be used to estimate the patient's risk of bone fracture.

Preparation
Before your examination, a radiographer will explain the procedure to you and answer any questions you might have. A radiographer, also known as a radiologic technologist, is a skilled medical professional who has received specialized education in the areas of radiation protection, patient care, radiation exposure, radiographic positioning and radiographic procedures.  Usually, you will be allowed to remain in your street clothes during the examination, although some facilities will require you to put on a hospital gown.  It is a good idea to wear a comfortable, two-piece outfit since you will be lying on your back on an examination table.

During the Examination
The radiologic technologist will position you on a padded table and ask you to remain as still as possible during the test.  The technologist then will use the DEXA equipment to scan one or more areas of bone -- usually the lower spine, hip, wrist or forearm. The DEXA equipment works by measuring the amount of x-rays that are absorbed by the bones in your body.  The exam takes 15 to 20 minutes.

Post-examination Information
The DEXA scan does not produce an x-ray image of your bones. Instead, it provides a numerical reading of bone strength, called a T-score, that will be used to compare your bone density with established norms for your age, sex and race. Your physician will receive a report of the DEXA findings.  He or she then will advise you of the results and discuss what further procedures, if any, are needed.  Patients with low bone density may be advised to take calcium supplements or other medication.  They also may be advised to perform weight-bearing exercise to strengthen their bones. The radiation that you are exposed to during this examination, like the radiation produced during any other x-ray procedure, passes through you immediately.  You are not "radioactive," and it is not necessary to take any special precautions following your examination.

Additional Patient related Information can be found at the RSNA Web Site and
ASRT Web Site

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Thyroid; Renal; Breast; Head and Neck; Soft Tissues.

We also perform some biopsies in the Heart of Florida Regional Medical Center, specifically lung, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, bones and some others not mentioned.

Nephrostomy
With external or internal drainage and stent placement.

Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiogram
For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (which would include stent placement).

Nasogastric Tube Placement

Picc Line Placement
Out patient at A.T. R. Davenport

Fluid Drainage
Cysts; abscesses.

Vascular

Arterial
Angiography of the entire body excluding the heart (head and neck, pulmonary, mesentery, abdomen, renal, pelvis and extremities.
Angioplasty with / without stenting.

Venous
For an extensive list of venous procedures, visit www.veinexperts.com

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Venous
For an extensive list of venous procedures, visit www.veinexperts.com

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• Analyzing kidney function
• Image blood flow and function to the heart
• Scan lungs for respiratory and blood flow problems
• Identify blockage of the gallbladder
• Determine the presence or spread of cancer
• Measure thyroid function
• Evaluate bones for fracture, infection, arthritis or tumor
• Locate the presence of infection